Home » Publications

Publications

Keywords:

2024

This report evaluates the Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool (ADOPT) as a decision support system for agricultural policy across APO member economies. Through validation studies [Read More]

2024

The report presents a comprehensive roadmap to drive sustainability through Green Productivity (GP) 2.0 initiatives. Packed with actionable strategies, technological interventions, and forward-thinking approaches, it empowers [Read More]

2024

This research explores productivity enhancement in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji, Mongolia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, focusing on SMEs impacted by COVID-19. It identifies challenges like low digital [Read More]

2024

The 17th edition of the APO Productivity Databook offers in-depth analyses of economic growth and productivity in Asia from 1970 to 2022, with projections extending to [Read More]

2024

This study explores the dual role of the informal sector in selected APO member economies, highlighting its importance in providing livelihoods and the challenges to productivity [Read More]

2024

Businesses are reevaluating supply chain management strategies in response to the dual challenges of minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing growth. Green supply chain management (GSCM) has [Read More]

2024

Faced with escalating climate challenges, the agricultural sector is at a critical juncture. In view of this, the APO Center of Excellence on Climate-smart Agriculture (CSA) [Read More]

2024

This report examines the critical issue of premature deindustrialization across diverse economies, exploring causes, implications, and potential solutions to this global phenomenon that challenges economic growth [Read More]

2024

Good Regulatory Practice (GRP) frameworks encourage innovation, minimize administrative burdens, and stimulate economic growth. Vietnam’s development goals include becoming a high-income country by 2045, and GRP [Read More]

2024

Estonia is a digital transformation pioneer, offering valuable lessons to those hoping to follow a strategic approach to modernization. e-Estonia encompasses digital network development for education, [Read More]

2024

Kaizen is the Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement. In the new age where digitalization has transformed the industrial process, the newly developed Digital Kaizen Guidebook aims [Read More]

2024

This publication showcases Knowledge Management (KM) in Mongolia’s energy and mining sectors, highlighting case studies from Erdenet Mining Corporation, Thermal Power Plant No. 3, and Cable [Read More]

2024

Public-sector organizations in APO member economies are under pressure to enhance service quality while maintaining accountability, transparency, and productivity. Good governance and new public management have [Read More]

2024

Global pandemic recovery continued in 2023, and the APO proposed new initiatives, revised long-standing programs, and looked to a brighter future through expanded cooperation in the [Read More]

2024

Starting with a review of the manufacturing scenario in the mid- to late 1980s when the Toyota Production System (TPS) gained a global foothold, the P-Insights [Read More]

2024

This publication explores Agile implementations across various economies, shedding light on successful practices and challenges. This study underscores the significance of supportive strategies and cultural shifts [Read More]

2024

Good regulations and their effective implementations hold the potential to chart a path of productivity, progress, and well-being for nations as well as their citizens. Although [Read More]

2024

Tourist numbers are rising postpandemic. While a needed boost for the travel/hospitality sector, accompanying overcrowding can be daunting for tourists and locals alike. In his P-Insights [Read More]

2024

In his P-Insights report The Future of Work: What Lies Ahead in Boosting Productivity, Mohamad Muzaffar Abdul Hamid, Director of the Talent Development Section/People Productivity Division, [Read More]

2024

The 2024 edition of APO Productivity Outlook examines the importance of productivity within the electrical equipment and machinery sector, and how productivity affects the sector’s participation [Read More]

2024

Modernization of the agricultural sector can have a multiplier effect on its productivity. However, it is equally important to conserve the fast depleting water and energy [Read More]

2024

This research identifies and analyzes some outstanding SME success stories from key developing APO member economies. It illustrates how the selected SMEs leveraged nine time-tested management [Read More]

2024

The enduring impact of COVID-19 on global businesses revealed both vulnerabilities and resilience. This study examines success stories from four developed APO economies, analyzing their approaches [Read More]

2024

As Asian societies age and APO member economies turn silver, they face the challenge of a dwindling workforce, and consequently, of a declining productivity. A coherent [Read More]

2024

This publication explores the pivotal role of robust institutional innovation ecosystems in fostering productivity across nine APO member economies. Examining policies, initiatives, and outcomes within national [Read More]

2023

The combined efforts of generating employment opportunities and improving job quality play pivotal roles in shaping an economy and workforce productivity. This report analyzes the impact [Read More]

2023

Asia, home to 60% of the world population, exhibits diverse demographic profiles. Proactive policies are needed to manage and take full advantage of changing age structures, [Read More]

2023

The publication delves into informal sector challenges in 10 APO member economies (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji, India, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkiye, Vietnam). Limited access to [Read More]

2023

The 16th edition of the APO Productivity Databook provides comprehensive analyses of Asia’s economic growth and productivity from 1970 to 2021, with projections to 2030. Baseline [Read More]

2023

Reducing costs and increasing productivity are goals of all enterprises, especially SMEs. Alex Yap Yun Fung’s P-Insights report on Rapid Cost-reduction Approaches for SMEs focuses on [Read More]

2023

In order to meet new challenges and demands in modern society, such as the rise of automation, education gaps, and aging populations, the labor forces in [Read More]

2023

Founder Ron Young, Knowledge Associates Cambridge, Ltd., presents innovative KM approaches in this P-Insights report to help enterprises thrive in the rapidly evolving knowledge-based economy, focusing [Read More]

2023

Innovation ecosystems combine ideas, expertise, and resources from diverse actors, including the public sector, to create new processes and business models that increase productivity. Deputy Director [Read More]

2023

Digital transformation presents huge opportunities but also poses serious challenges for governments. This research, based on data and evidence from 11 APO member economies, identifies navigational [Read More]

2023

This report explores the vital role of SMEs in global economies, especially in Asia, where they contribute significantly to economic growth and employment. The study delves [Read More]

2023

Applications of behavioral insights (BIs) in manufacturing optimize user experience, predictive maintenance, supply chain management, many other industrial processes, and ultimately overall productivity. Kamaruzaman Bin Jahidin [Read More]

2023

Productivity practitioners are familiar with TPS basics in manufacturing. Dr. Ushio Sumita’s P-Insights report The Untold Essence of the TPS explains sometimes hidden management principles, giving [Read More]

2023

Establishing effective national innovation systems is vital for economic growth and development. Innovation has the transformative potential that will drive productivity, competitiveness, and societal progress. The [Read More]

2023

How did Indian MSMEs survive the COVID-19 pandemic? Did government support measures for digitalization and credit play key roles in their adaptation and evolution? This P-Analysis [Read More]

2023

In the P-Insights report Enhancing Productivity through DXPO, Dr. Jay Rajasekera, Vice President and Professor of Digital Business & Strategy, Institute for International Strategy, Tokyo [Read More]

2023

This report provides an in-depth analysis of how inclusive innovation is conceptualized and implemented within the policy frameworks of six APO member economies: India, Japan, the [Read More]

2023

This 2023 edition of APO Productivity Outlook, in association with the Center for International Development, KDI, focuses on the services sector. The productivity of this sector [Read More]

2023

In an era when digital technologies promise unprecedented empowerment, women find themselves at a crossroads. While some strides are made, entrenched gender norms and digital inequalities [Read More]

2023

This P-Insights unveils the exciting possibilities of smart green manufacturing, an innovative integration of Industry 4.0 and circular economy principles aimed at achieving sustainable growth. Dr. [Read More]

2023

This publication focuses on five upper-middle-income APO economies that have the aspiration as well as the potential to move into the high-income league. It discusses how, [Read More]

2023

Achieving high income levels require dedicated efforts, vision, and determination. This publication shares the successes of four high-income APO member economies – Japan, ROC, Singapore, and [Read More]

2023

This P-Analysis report highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on productivity and economic growth in Pakistan. Owing to the government’s fiscal and monetary measures, the [Read More]

2023

The P-Analysis report e-Government: Policy and Strategy for Productivity Growth in the Philippines provides valuable insights on the effectiveness of e-government systems and their contributions to [Read More]

2023

The report focuses on the concept of Smart Agricultural Transformation (SAT), including the application of advanced technologies in agrifood systems to enhance food security, increase productivity, [Read More]

2023

Ethics management is evolving beyond the traditional scope as the public and private sectors move toward an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) focus. In the P-Insights [Read More]

2023

Against the backdrop of increasing complexity in international trade, this P-Insights explores the evolving role of SMEs in the global value chains (GVCs). To facilitate SME [Read More]

2023

In the P-Insights report “Interactive Networking in Agribusiness,” Dr. Coskun Serefoglu points out that agriculture is becoming more integrated with other sectors, bringing new actors into [Read More]

2023

This P-Insights report, “Business Analytics for SME Productivity,” emphasizes the importance of productivity for the survival and growth of SMEs. By employing business analytics (BA), SMEs [Read More]

2023

In this P-Insights report, Savitri Singh discusses the urgent issue of increasing women’s economic and political participation, especially in rural areas. As half of the world’s [Read More]

2023

Countries that overcame the low-income threshold decades ago are staring today at a roadblock – the middle-income trap. These challenges result countries fumbling to come out [Read More]

2023

SMEs are the backbone of the economy, accounting for more than 99% of all companies in the world, producing more than 50% of global GDP, and [Read More]

2023

Cooking with traditional fuels releases pollutants into the environment and impacts human health. To promote sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Shuvasish Bhowmick introduces the utilization [Read More]

2023

This report analyzes why and how APO members must use digital technologies to optimize economic growth, productivity, and social outcomes. By segmenting the member economies into [Read More]

2023

Global travel restrictions during the pandemic affected the hotel industry across the APO member countries. To understand the productivity levels of the sector and benchmark it, [Read More]

2022

In 2022, the lifting of pandemic-related restrictions allowed the resumption of many face-to-face APO activities, while it continued to explore digital options for delivering services to [Read More]

2022

The journey in the pursuit of innovation and digital technologies may be rife with uncertainties and anxiety for businesses and industries, especially the SMEs. At whatever [Read More]

2022

With a substantial portion of our lives spent at work, work design is critical for the well-being and productivity of individuals, organizations, and economies. In this [Read More]

2022

While the pandemic provided opportunities for businesses to innovate, strategies for managing continuous innovation under prevailing environmental conditions are what set successful firms apart. In this [Read More]

2022

Public services, comprising at least 20% of GDP in most APO members, matter enormously to productivity. The benefits of public service digital transformation can improve the [Read More]

2022

Combined permaculture and Agriculture 4.0 practices (PermAgro 4.0) is a way forward for productive, sustainable agriculture. Ali Riza Ersoy shares his journey and experiences with PermAgro [Read More]

2022

The 2022 edition of the APO Productivity Databook aims to support APO member economies in coping with current challenges, including postpandemic revival, and contribute to their [Read More]

2022

This publication highlights impacts of COVID-19 on productivity and explores main drivers of productivity growth in APO and OECD economies.

2022

With the increasing vulnerability of global youth employment, it is urgent to reengage young people in the labor force. APO member economies with a youth bulge [Read More]

2022

Social entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon that largely entails innovative solutions to social problems. In this P-Insights report, Dr. Marie Lisa M. Dacanay shares examples of [Read More]

2022

Design innovation encourages enterprises to think holistically about design throughout various stages of new product/service development. Focusing on how to incorporate design innovation as a strategy [Read More]

2022

The pandemic has changed the way organizations work and operate. With the constant quest to increase performance and productivity, this report explores how organizations and individuals [Read More]

2022

This is the inaugural edition of the APO Productivity Outlook series. The report underscores that productivity gains in the manufacturing sector are essential in driving long-term [Read More]

2022

Transformation is never easy. The manufacturing journey undertaken by 15 companies in five member countries at various stages of Industry 4.0 are highlighted here as case [Read More]

2022

APO has brought out this publication at a time when smart manufacturing is being recognized as a key leverage for raising productivity growth, more so after [Read More]

2022

Digital transformation is not a luxury, but a necessity. It is also an essential part of business survival. As such, it is crucial for SMEs to [Read More]

2021

This report is a comprehensive summary of the APO’s activities and initiatives in 2021, an historical year that saw the APO commemorate its 60th anniversary, launch [Read More]

2021

This publication presents the highlights of the discussions at the International Conference on the Centrality of Productivity in June 2021 as part of the 60th Anniversary [Read More]

2021

As the world moves from traditional manufacturing to knowledge-based, high-technology industry, Asian countries are gearing up to acquire new skills and competencies essential for the future [Read More]

2021

The 2021 edition of the APO Productivity Databook aims at helping member governments devise timely policy responses to make economies more robust, maintain growth trajectories, and [Read More]

2021

Be ready for it – the full force of Industry 4.0 is imminent. This revolution is already showing impacts in a nation’s economy, its ways of [Read More]

2021

SMEs must embrace digital innovation to achieve business agility and compete in global markets. However, they are faced with many barriers. This handbook for manufacturing SMEs [Read More]

2021

Dr. Ascuncion pinpoints country-specific features widening economic, gender, and digital divides in the Philippines during the pandemic. It has a young population, the service sector accounts [Read More]

2021

The second country to record a COVID-19 case, Thailand’s response and degree of public cooperation with mitigation measures were exemplary. Those measures, however, also brought underlying [Read More]

2021

Dr. Patarapong Intarakumnerd, Professor and Deputy Program Director, Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Program, National Graduate Research Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan; Dr. Atsushi Sunami, [Read More]

2021

The P-Insights reports, based on the popular P-Talks broadcast on the APO’s YouTube channel since soon after the COVID-19 pandemic struck, were expanded and updated to [Read More]

2021

Although standard public policy tools to guide citizens’ behavior are regulations, incentives, and information, these do not always lead to the desired outcomes. This P-Insights report [Read More]

2021

Simon Anholt believes that national image is as important as productivity or innovation because: “If you want to do well, you have to do good.” This [Read More]

2021

This publication highlights the role that productivity and the APO has played in the Asia-Pacific since its inception in 1961. It marks the organization’s Diamond Jubilee [Read More]

2020

Agroindustries spur economic development, create jobs in rural and urban areas, increase food security, and reduce poverty. This report by Prof. Ralph D. Christy, Research Fellow [Read More]

2020

This report highlights the initiatives and continued efforts of APO in promoting productivity in member countries, while navigating and mitigating the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 [Read More]

2020

The 2020 edition of the APO Productivity Databook aims to assist policymakers in member countries in navigating the current volatile climate while achieving sustainable growth. Recent [Read More]

2020

This publication is an endeavor to help APO member economies gauge their productivity readiness using a meticulously constructed and easy to use Productivity Readiness Index (PRI). [Read More]

2020

This publication is another comprehensive source of reliable productivity data and analysis complementing the APO Productivity Databook. It provides a thorough exploration on the significant determinants [Read More]

2020

Compiled by an expert international panel, the APO Manual: Public-sector Productivity is structured into 11 modules addressing the diverse needs and challenges of APO members but [Read More]

2020

The new second edition of the APO Knowledge Management Facilitators’ Guide (KMFG) reflects the updated APO KM Framework, ISO 30301 Knowledge Management Standard, and Industry 4.0 [Read More]

2020

After publication of the APO’s Knowledge Management Tools and Techniques (KMT&T) in 2010, information access expanded dramatically, the ISO 30401 Knowledge Management Standard was issued, and [Read More]

2019

This research was undertaken to show how the current gaps and weaknesses in systems for monitoring agricultural productivity in APO member countries could be addressed. The [Read More]

2019

This manual provides easy-to-follow instructions on delivering scenario planning training. It covers the seven main steps of the scenario planning process as well as facilitation, communication, [Read More]

2019

Innovative elements of the APO Productivity Databook 2019 include 20 country and five regional profiles, plus improved total factor productivity estimates considering land capital and labor [Read More]

2019

A look at youth employment entrepreneurship challenges, policies, and programs in eight Asian countries.

2018

Innovative leadership, as distinct from traditional management, is required for the public sector to be more transparent, accountable, and engaged with citizens. This publication assesses the [Read More]

2018

The report highlights APO initiatives to improve productivity and continuing efforts to build firm foundations for the future-readiness of its members. It also contains the details [Read More]

2017

The 2017 APO Productivity Databook builds on the comparative analysis approach covering APO members, reference economies, and economic groupings to give a comprehensive picture of factors [Read More]

2016

The ninth edition of the APO Productivity Databook contains comprehensive cross-country comparisons of economic growth, structural change, and productivity performance in Asian and global reference economies, [Read More]

2016

The research resulting in this report was based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor model showing the relationship between entrepreneurship and development. A clear distinction is made [Read More]

2016

The report highlights initiatives taken by the APO for improving productivity and driving greener economic development as well as to address social marketing, youth employment issues, [Read More]

2016

Influenced by the “new public management” concept, the APO and other institutions are rethinking how to measure productivity in the public sector, since its roles affect [Read More]

2016

To assist practitioners, producers, extension workers, and related professionals in disseminating sustainable agricultural development methods, this manual contains insights and experiences of resource persons on Good [Read More]

2015

A comprehensive review, with numerous graphs and tables, of 50 years of the productivity movement in the Asia-Pacific by more than 40 experts plus their visions [Read More]

2015

Published as a companion to Productivity in the Asia-Pacific: Past, Present, and Future, this slim volume defines common productivity terms, practices, and techniques. A handy reference [Read More]

2015

The 8th edition in the series presents comparative data on productivity and economic growth covering 30 Asian economies and Australia, the EU, Turkey, and the USA [Read More]

2015

The report highlights initiatives taken by the APO for improving productivity and driving greener economic development as well as to address social marketing, youth employment issues, [Read More]

2015

A compilation of papers presented at the Asian Food and Agribusiness Conference 2013: Biotechnology and Global Competitiveness covering trends in biotechnology applications, commercialization of agricultural biotechnology, [Read More]

2015

After a comprehensive overview, this publication highlights the different policy measures taken by the governments of seven Asian economies to stimulate innovation among SMEs. It contributes [Read More]

2014

The spread of globalization means that robust corporations must develop constructive labor-management relations in a variety of contexts. The productivity movement in Japan has always been [Read More]

2014

Developed in the late 1990s, MFCA is an environmental management tool since it increases the transparency of material flows, thus decreasing waste. This easy-to-understand manual contains [Read More]

2014

The 7th edition in the series presents comparative data on productivity and economic growth covering 29 Asian economies and Australia, the EU, Turkey, and the USA [Read More]

2014

A compilation of 13 demonstration projects conducted in nine member countries, 2007–2011, detailing productivity-related problems and how they were resolved. Abundant figures and tables, with before-and-after [Read More]

2014

Synthesis of a pilot study jointly conducted with the Kyushu University Asia Center examining agricultural policies in six APO member countries (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of [Read More]

2014

Contains details of all APO projects held in 2014 organized by subject area, information on NPOs, and project summaries in tabular form with names of project [Read More]

2013

Contains details of all APO projects held in 2013 organized by subject area, information on NPOs, and project summaries in tabular form with names of project [Read More]

2013

The 6th edition in the series presents comparative data on productivity and economic growth covering 29 Asian economies and Australia, the EU, Turkey (included for the [Read More]

2013

Case studies of KM applications in public-sector organizations in India, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore (two), and Thailand, accompanied by an explanation of the APO [Read More]

2012

Contains details of all APO projects held in 2012 organized by subject area, information on NPOs, and project summaries in tabular form with names of project
[Read More]

2012

The 5th edition in the series presents comparative data on productivity and economic growth covering 29 Asian economies and Australia, the EU, and USA as references [Read More]

2012

Comprehensive listings divided into eco-materials, eco-components, eco-products, and eco-services (total 927); and subdivided by category, how they address environmental issues, where and when in the product [Read More]

2011

Contains details of all APO projects held in 2011 organized by subject area, information on NPOs, and project summaries in tabular form with names of project
[Read More]

2011

The 4th edition in the series presents comparative data on productivity and economic growth covering 29 Asian economies and the EU and USA as references for [Read More]

2011

An assessment of the impact of existing BE/QA frameworks on 74 private-sector organizations responding to a questionnaire, focusing on those in the ROC, India, Japan, Singapore, [Read More]

2011

The contributors from the ROC, Japan, ROK, Singapore, and USA examined policies to improve job market access for older workers along with stereotypes and attitudes that [Read More]

2011

Eight speakers at the 2011 Top Management Forum presented strategies for global management, including corporate philosophy, technology development, operational management, human resources, and marketing.

2011

One-of-a-kind comprehensive listings divided into eco-materials, eco-components, eco-products, and eco-services subdivided into categories. Includes 28 pages of essays on current eco-topics and explanations on how to [Read More]

2011

Coverage of the world’s best practices in using renewable energy sources and in-depth look at their technological, economic, and environmental results.

2010

The third edition offers wider TFP analysis of member countries, covering Fiji, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand for the first time. It explores real income analysis [Read More]

2010

Summaries of presentations by speakers from eight globally recognized corporations on environment- and energy-conscious management strategies while ensuring business growth. Q&A sessions after each plus a [Read More]

2010

Contains detailed information on 20 essential KM methods and tools and six further recommended tools, both divided into IT and non-IT sections

2010

Eight case studies of non-IT KM utilization for different purposes in SMEs, with explanations of how to use the book and a concluding chapter on takeaway [Read More]

2010

Selected papers from three APO projects on the topics in the 2006–08 period covering consumer trends, labeling and branding, certification, and contributions to rural development.

2010

User-friendly descriptions are given to facilitate purchasing decisions resulting in a smarter, more sustainable society. Featuring 1,000 eco-products and eco-services developed by environmentally advanced enterprises.

2010

An intensely practical 127-page manual providing technical information needed for energy audits and conservation studies. Examples include fuels and combustion and energy efficiency in boilers.

2009

This casebook is an accompaniment to Knowledge Management: Facilitators’ Guide, with case studies from Scotland and the UK as well as from APO members the ROC, [Read More]

2009

The Seven D approach to develop community capacity, which views a community as both the object of development and the most important actor in the process, [Read More]

2009

A synthesized result of various APO projects, this manual contains a wealth of useful information needed to implement a food safety management system at enterprise level.

2009

The fifth edition includes a classified index of goods and services, plus descriptions of environmentally certified products are illustrated with the relevant labels in the listings. [Read More]

2009

Basic information on biomass characteristics, logistics, energy conversion technologies, and methods for retrofitting coal/oil-fired boilers for biomass use including the cost economics is covered.

2009

Based on a step-by-step approach to develop certification schemes for enterprises involved in tourism, the world’s largest business sector, the manual can assist governments and local [Read More]

2009

The contents show how to estimate GHG emissions from businesses; residential, commercial, and institutional buildings; and the transport sector and then develop measures for their mitigation.

PDF gp-19-gge

2008

National reports from India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore show how the wise use of social capital can play a role in business [Read More]

2008

Multiple case studies from each of nine APO member countries plus the results of national surveys on the status of KM document how practices are shifting [Read More]

2008

In an age of competition among business models, these Top Management Forum presentation summaries illustrate the tradeoffs successful managers must consider before selecting the best model [Read More]

2008

This volume outlines specific problems in aging societies along with programs and policies to deal with them. Practical solutions adopted by the Republic of China, Japan, [Read More]

2008

The fourth edition was extensively revised and updated, with nearly 20 pages added on new topics. Seven hundred eco-products/services are listed.

2008

This practical manual was developed to promote the concept and fundamental of energy conservation in industries to help them become more productive and competitive. The final
[Read More]

2008

Written in a “question, suggestion, and example” format, the manual is a stand-alone document covering all aspects of greening supply chains in a lucid, stepwise manner.

2008

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive of the EU came into effect in 2006. The APO published this manual aimed at SMEs in the electrical and [Read More]

2007

Eight top managers of globally known Japanese companies describe how a strong brand can be built up over time and how it gives the cutting edge [Read More]

2007

This compendium is the result of a year of benchmarking among NPOs participating in the APO’s Best Practice Network, focusing on organizational excellence in SMEs (three [Read More]

2007

Published as a sequel to Impact of Corporate Governance on Productivity: Asian Experience (2004), this volume contains a summary report on best-practice benchmarking in Asian corporate [Read More]

2007

A joint publication of the APO and ILO, this is an exploration of how an economy, a sector, or an enterprise can restructure with maximum economic [Read More]

2007

Based on the results of a survey in 11 APO members, insights are offered on integrated policy-based approaches to reduce solid waste generation and disposal methods [Read More]